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Author: Admin | 2025-04-28
Tablets also contain: D&C Yellow # 10 aluminum lake, FD&C Blue # 2/Indigo carmine aluminum lake, macrogol/PEG 4000 and macrogol/PEG 400 Morphine sulfate, USP are white, feathery, silky crystals, cubical masses of crystals, or white crystalline powder, soluble in water, freely soluble in hot water, slightly soluble in alcohol but more so in hot alcohol, insoluble in chloroform and in ether. The octanol: water partition coefficient of morphine is 1.42 at physiologic pH and the pKb is 7.9 for the tertiary nitrogen (mostly ionized at pH 7.4). Its molecular weight is 758.83 and its structural formula is: 12 Clinical Pharmacology 12.1 Mechanism of Action Morphine is a full opioid agonist is relatively selective for the mu-opioid receptor, although it can bind to other opioid receptors at higher doses. The principal therapeutic action of morphine is analgesia. Like all full opioid agonists, there is no ceiling effect for analgesia with morphine. Clinically, dosage is titrated to provide adequate analgesia and may be limited by adverse reactions, including respiratory and CNS depression. The precise mechanism of the analgesic action is unknown. However, specific CNS opioid receptors for endogenous compounds with opioid-like activity have been identified throughout the brain and spinal cord and are thought to play a role in the analgesic effects of this drug. 12.2 Pharmacodynamics CNS Depressant/Alcohol Interaction Additive pharmacodynamic effects may be expected when morphine sulfate is used in conjunction with alcohol, other opioids, or illicit drugs that cause central nervous system depression. Effects on the Central Nervous System Morphine produces respiratory depression by direct action on brainstem respiratory centers. The respiratory depression involves a reduction in the responsiveness of the brainstem respiratory centers to both increases in carbon dioxide tension and electrical stimulation. Morphine causes miosis, even in total darkness. Pinpoint pupils are a sign of narcotic overdose
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